The ecological effects of the Industrial Revolution were profound and marked by significant environmental changes. The rise of factories and mechanized agriculture led to increased resource extraction, including deforestation, mining, and land degradation. Pollution became a major concern as cities grew, with emissions from factories contaminating the air and waterways. The widespread use of coal as a primary energy source contributed to air quality deterioration. Additionally, urbanization disrupted natural habitats and ecosystems. These changes prompted early environmental movements and laid the groundwork for contemporary discussions on sustainability and the need to balance industrial progress with ecological stewardship.