The primary source of conflict in the Middle Ages between the church and monarchy revolved around the struggle for power and authority. Monarchs sought control over religious appointments and governance, while the Church, represented by the Pope, desired to maintain spiritual supremacy and independence from secular influence. Key issues included the appointment of bishops and the power to levy taxes. This struggle culminated in events such as the Investiture Controversy, wherein the right to appoint church officials became a contentious issue. Ultimately, these conflicts shaped the political landscape and influenced the relationship between church and state throughout the medieval period.