Performance-enhancing substances (PES) greatly influence the landscape of competitive sports by challenging notions of fair competition and athletic integrity. The prevalence of PES raises ethical questions about honesty and the legitimacy of records and achievements. The constant evolution of testing methods and regulations seeks to combat the use of PES, yet new substances continuously emerge, complicating the issue. The debate surrounding PES also reflects on athlete education and the pressure to perform, drawing attention to broader societal values regarding achievement and success in elite sports.