The types of microorganisms that can thrive in extreme conditions are known as extremophiles. These organisms have adapted to survive in environments with extreme temperatures, salinities, pressure, or acidity that would be detrimental to most life forms. Examples include thermophiles, which thrive at high temperatures, and halophiles, which flourish in highly saline environments. Studying extremophiles can provide insights into the limits of life and potential extraterrestrial life on other planets with harsh conditions.