The scientific revolution refers to a period in the 16th to 18th centuries when foundational changes in scientific thinking emerged. This era marked a transition from medieval perspectives to an emphasis on empirical observation and experimental methods. Key figures like Galileo and Newton challenged traditional beliefs, which paved the way for modern science. The significance lies in its establishment of the scientific method, promoting systematic inquiry and challenging assumptions, ultimately leading to advances in fields such as physics, astronomy, and biology, significantly impacting society and technology.