The scientific term for a substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria is an antibiotic. Antibiotics are crucial in treating bacterial infections and can be derived from natural sources or synthesized chemically. They work by targeting specific bacterial functions, such as cell wall synthesis or protein production, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death or growth inhibition. The discovery and use of antibiotics have significantly improved human health, but overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance, posing significant public health challenges.