The scientific study of how diseases affect populations is known as epidemiology. This discipline involves investigating the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. Epidemiologists analyze various factors, such as risk factors, transmission modes, and disease prevalence, helping to identify outbreaks and inform public health interventions. Understanding these dynamics is essential for controlling diseases, developing prevention strategies, and improving overall community health. It also plays a vital role in healthcare policy and resource allocation during health crises.