Ribosomes play a vital role in cellular activities by synthesizing proteins from amino acids, following the genetic instructions coded in messenger RNA (mRNA). These cellular machines can be found either free-floating in the cytoplasm or bound to the endoplasmic reticulum, marking the distinction between free and membrane-bound ribosomes. Protein synthesis is essential for various cellular functions, including growth, repair, and immune responses. The efficiency and accuracy of ribosomes are crucial for maintaining cellular health and proper function across all living organisms.