Air quality plays a critical role in public health as it directly affects respiratory and cardiovascular health. Poor air quality, often due to pollutants like particulate matter and ozone, can lead to a range of health problems, including asthma, heart disease, and premature mortality. Vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly, are particularly at risk. Improving air quality through policy measures and regulation can significantly enhance public health outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and contribute to a higher quality of life for communities exposed to harmful pollutants.