The process of forming new soil from weathered rock is known as soil formation or pedogenesis. This takes place through physical, chemical, and biological weathering processes. Physical weathering breaks down rock into smaller particles, while chemical weathering alters the minerals through reactions with water and air. The accumulation of organic matter from decaying plants and animals contributes to soil development. This intricate process creates a layered structure essential for nutrient retention, water infiltration, and supporting diverse ecosystems.