The process of cell division that produces gametes is called meiosis. This specialized form of cell division results in four genetically distinct haploid cells from a single diploid organism. Meiosis involves two rounds of division: meiosis I and meiosis II, which reduce the chromosome number by half, ensuring that offspring receive a complete set of chromosomes upon fertilization. Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction, promoting genetic diversity through crossing over and independent assortment. It plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of organisms and the evolution of populations.