Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, involves a complex process including weathering of rocks, the accumulation of organic matter, and microbial activity. Initially, physical, chemical, and biological weathering break down rocks into smaller particles. Over time, these particles mix with organic material from decaying plants and animals, leading to soil horizons. Factors such as climate, topography, and biota also play vital roles. The gradual process results in various soil types that support diverse ecosystems and agricultural practices.