The primary methodology for studying ecological systems is through field research and experiments, often complemented by modeling approaches. Field studies allow ecologists to observe species interactions and environmental variables in their natural habitats, providing real-world data. Experiments can be set up to test specific ecological hypotheses in controlled conditions. Additionally, statistical analyses and long-term monitoring programs are crucial for understanding trends and patterns within ecosystems. These methodologies together provide comprehensive insights into ecological dynamics, informing conservation strategies and management practices to support ecosystem health.