Pollution primarily impacts freshwater ecosystems by degrading water quality and harming aquatic life. Contaminants, such as heavy metals, nutrients from agricultural runoff, and microplastics, disrupt the balance of these ecosystems, often leading to eutrophication, which depletes oxygen levels and causes fish kills. Furthermore, toxic substances can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks not only to wildlife but also to human health. Ultimately, pollution threatens the biodiversity of freshwater habitats and compromises their ability to provide ecosystem services.