The primary function of signaling pathways in cellular communication is to transmit extracellular signals into the cell, enabling a coordinated response to various stimuli. These pathways involve a series of cascades that include receptors, secondary messengers, and target proteins, facilitating processes like cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. Proper functioning of these pathways is essential for maintaining cell homeostasis and responding to environmental changes. Dysregulation can lead to diseases, including cancer and metabolic disorders, making the study of signaling pathways crucial for developing therapeutic interventions and understanding cell behavior.