The primary focus of microbial ecology is to study microorganisms and their interactions within ecosystems. This subfield investigates the roles of microbes in nutrient cycling, biogeochemical processes, and the overall health of environmental systems. Microbial ecologists examine how bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea affect other organisms and their habitats. By understanding these relationships, scientists can address issues such as soil fertility, bioremediation, and the impacts of human activity on microbial communities.