The primary factor determining climate zones on Earth is latitude. Latitude influences the amount of sunlight received at various locations, directly affecting temperature and weather patterns. Areas near the equator receive more direct sunlight throughout the year, resulting in warmer tropical climates. Conversely, regions at higher latitudes experience less solar energy and often have polar or temperate climates. Other factors, like elevation, ocean currents, and prevailing winds, also contribute to the diverse climate variations found around the globe.