The primary effect of antibiotics on bacterial cells is the inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or DNA replication, effectively killing bacteria or stopping their growth. Different classes of antibiotics target specific pathways crucial for bacterial survival. For example, penicillin disrupts cell wall formation, while tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis. Antibiotics are essential in treating bacterial infections; however, overuse can lead to antibiotic resistance, reducing their effectiveness. Understanding how antibiotics affect bacteria helps in developing new treatment strategies and managing infectious diseases effectively.