The protective membrane surrounding the brain is called the meninges. This three-layered structure consists of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater, providing both protection and support for the brain and spinal cord. The meninges serve essential functions, including acting as a barrier to pathogens and helping contain cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the brain. Any inflammation or infection of the meninges, known as meningitis, can pose serious health risks and necessitates prompt medical attention, highlighting the meninges' significance in the central nervous system.