The mechanism by which traits are passed from parents to offspring is known as genetics, specifically through the process of inheritance. Traits are determined by genes, which are segments of DNA located on chromosomes. Each parent contributes a set of genes, leading to the combination of inherited traits in the offspring. The principles governing these processes were first outlined by Gregor Mendel, who identified key concepts such as dominant and recessive alleles. This fundamental aspect of biology helps explain variations within a species and the continuity of genetic information across generations.