The mathematical relationship between force, mass, and acceleration is expressed by Newton's second law of motion, formulated as F = ma. In this equation, F represents the net force acting on an object, m is the object's mass, and a is the acceleration produced. This fundamental principle of classical mechanics illustrates how the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Understanding this relationship is essential for analyzing motion and predicting the behavior of objects in various physical scenarios.