Heavy metals can have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems, leading to bioaccumulation and toxicity in aquatic organisms. Metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium can enter water bodies through industrial runoff and pollution. Exposure leads to physiological harm, impaired growth, and increased mortality rates in fish and invertebrates. Additionally, these metals can accumulate in the food chain, affecting higher trophic levels, including humans. Monitoring and controlling heavy metal pollution is critical for protecting aquatic health and biodiversity.