The common name for a solid that forms from a solution in a chemical reaction is called a precipitate. Precipitation occurs when the concentration of a solute exceeds its solubility, leading to the formation of an insoluble substance. This process is commonly observed in various chemical reactions, particularly in aqueous solutions, and can be used for separating and purifying compounds. Precipitates can vary in appearance, texture, and composition based on the reactants involved and the conditions under which the reaction takes place.