The average number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46, organized into 23 pairs. Of these pairs, 22 are called autosomes, and one pair consists of the sex chromosomes (XX or XY). This diploid number is crucial for genetic diversity and inheritance during sexual reproduction, as gametes (sperm and egg) carry half that number (23 chromosomes each). Chromosomes contain genetic material in the form of DNA, which encodes the instructions necessary for the development and functioning of all living organisms.