Primary succession is the ecological process that occurs in lifeless areas where no soil exists, such as after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat. This process begins with pioneer species, usually lichen and mosses, colonizing bare rock, contributing to soil formation over time through their growth and decay. As soil develops, other plants, such as grasses and shrubs, can establish themselves, followed by larger species like trees. Primary succession is essential for ecosystem development and biodiversity; it illustrates how life can gradually reclaim and restore disturbed environments.