The fundamental process responsible for the transfer of genetic information is called DNA replication. During replication, an existing DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical strands. This process is essential for cell division, ensuring that each new cell receives an exact copy of the genetic material. Enzymes like DNA polymerase play a crucial role in unwinding the double helix and facilitating the synthesis of new strands based on the template. This accuracy in replication is vital for maintaining genetic continuity across generations and is central to biological inheritance and evolution.