The nucleus of an atom contains two primary components: protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged particles, while neutrons carry no electrical charge. Together, they form the atomic nucleus, which is surrounded by negatively charged electrons in orbit around the nucleus. The number of protons determines the atomic number and identity of the element, while neutrons contribute to atomic mass and stability. The balance between protons and neutrons is crucial for the atom’s overall stability and behavior in chemical reactions.