The natural process where organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce is known as natural selection. This key mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin explains how species adapt and evolve over generations. Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive environmental pressures and reproduce, passing those traits onto their offspring. Natural selection leads to gradual changes in a population, contributing to species diversity and the adaptation of organisms to their environments. It provides a scientific basis for understanding the dynamic nature of life on Earth.