The political philosopher who wrote "The Social Contract" is Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This influential work, published in 1762, explores the concept of political legitimacy and the relationship between individuals and the state. Rousseau argues that legitimate political authority arises from a social contract where individuals consent to form a collective society, agreeing to adhere to its rules for the common good. This idea has had a profound impact on modern political thought, influencing concepts of democracy, human rights, and the role of government.