The primary cause of the political upheaval during the Arab Spring was widespread discontent with authoritarian regimes, exacerbated by factors like economic hardship, corruption, and unemployment. Citizens across the Arab world rose up, demanding greater political freedoms, social justice, and an end to oppressive governance. Social media played a crucial role in mobilizing protests and spreading awareness. The overarching desire for democratic reforms and human rights galvanized individuals and groups, leading to significant movements in countries like Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya.