The Constitutional Convention, held in 1787, played a critical role in American history by addressing the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Delegates from various states convened in Philadelphia to draft a new constitution that would create a stronger federal government while preserving the rights of states and individuals. The outcomes, including the establishment of a system of checks and balances and a federal structure, laid the groundwork for the United States Constitution, which is still in use today and serves as a fundamental legal framework.