In the U.S., state and federal powers are defined by the Constitution, which establishes a system of federalism. Federal powers include areas such as national defense, foreign policy, and interstate commerce, while states hold powers related to local governance, education, and public health. The Tenth Amendment reserves any powers not specifically delegated to the federal government to the states. This division allows for a balance of authority, enabling states to address their unique needs while ensuring federal oversight in broader matters. Understanding these differences is crucial for navigating legal and political issues.