The concept of "political sovereignty" refers to the authority of a state to govern itself independently, making decisions without interference from external actors. It encompasses essential aspects of autonomy, such as control over law-making, defense, and foreign relations. Political sovereignty is a foundational principle in the study of international relations, distinguishing one state from another and validating a state’s existence as a legal entity. Challenges to political sovereignty can arise from international treaties, conflicts, or global governance frameworks that impose external constraints.