Political polarization refers to the growing ideological divide and increasing hostility between political parties or groups, often resulting in reduced consensus and cooperation. It manifests through extreme partisanship, where individuals align closely with their party's views, leading to an "us vs. them" mentality. This polarization can hinder democratic processes by causing gridlock in legislative functions and diminishing public discourse. As groups become more insular in their beliefs, the potential for constructive dialogue and compromise dwindles, undermining the overall effectiveness of governance.