“Vertical accountability” in government refers to the mechanisms that enable citizens to hold government officials accountable for their actions. This concept emphasizes the relationship between the electorate and their representatives, ensuring that elected officials act in the best interest of the public. Tools for vertical accountability include elections, performance evaluations, and mechanisms such as public inquiries or judicial reviews. Through such processes, citizens can demand transparency and responsiveness, effectively influencing policy decisions and ensuring that government actions align with the populace's needs and expectations.