Institutional racism entails systemic discrimination within government and political institutions that disadvantages specific racial or ethnic groups. This can manifest in biased policies, unequal access to resources, and discriminatory practices in decision-making. Institutional racism often operates subtly, making it challenging to identify and address. Its presence can lead to significant disparities in various social outcomes, such as education, employment, and criminal justice. Addressing institutional racism requires comprehensive reforms and a commitment to equitable governance, fostering inclusivity and justice for all communities.