A sovereign state in political theory is defined by its independence and authority over a defined geographical area. Key characteristics include a defined territory, a permanent population, a functioning government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states. Sovereignty implies that a state possesses the highest authority within its territory, free from external interference. Additionally, recognition by the international community enhances a state’s legitimacy. Without these elements, a political entity may struggle to fulfill its role as a sovereign actor in global affairs.