Mass surveillance has significant implications for civil rights, as it often leads to violations of privacy and due process. Extensive monitoring can result in a chilling effect on free expression, deterring individuals from participating in open discourse or activism. Critics argue that surveillance disproportionately targets marginalized communities, raising concerns about racial profiling and systemic discrimination. Furthermore, the lack of transparency in surveillance practices can erode public trust in governmental institutions. Balancing security needs with the protection of personal freedoms is a constant challenge in modern governance, necessitating careful policy considerations.