Political fragmentation occurs when political authority is divided among numerous actors, leading to a lack of cohesive governance. This can result in legislative gridlock, as different factions struggle to reach consensus on policies. The effects on governance include increased difficulty in passing laws, inefficiencies in administration, and potential instability. Fragmentation can also empower minor parties or factions, shifting the political landscape and complicating decision-making. However, it can also foster greater representation of diverse perspectives, challenging majority rule and enhancing democratic engagement among various societal groups.