**Nationalism** fundamentally shapes a political identity by fostering a sense of shared culture, language, and history among a population. It can strengthen national cohesion and pride, encouraging unity against perceived external threats. However, nationalism may also lead to **exclusionary practices**, where individuals outside the national identity are marginalized or discriminated against. In political contexts, nationalism can drive foreign policy decisions, advocate for **self-determination**, and sometimes escalate into **conflict** or territorial disputes. Ultimately, it plays a crucial role in the formation of national identity and sovereignty.