Political institutions shape citizen participation by establishing the rules, norms, and structures that govern engagement in the political process. These institutions, including electoral systems, party organizations, and governance frameworks, influence how citizens access opportunities to participate, vote, and advocate for change. Effective political institutions encourage broader participation, fostering an inclusive environment that enhances democratic legitimacy. Conversely, institutions that are opaque or restrictive can inhibit citizen involvement, contributing to disenchantment and apathy. The design and function of these institutions ultimately determine the degree to which individuals feel empowered to engage in civic life and influence governmental decision-making.