Martin Luther wrote the "95 Theses," which he published in 1517 to criticize the Catholic Church's practices, particularly the sale of indulgences. His document, initially intended for scholarly debate, called for reform within the Church and emphasized the importance of faith over works for salvation. Luther's theses sparked widespread theological discussions and ultimately contributed to the Protestant Reformation, leading to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. The ensuing movements challenged the authority of the Pope and led to significant religious, cultural, and political changes in Europe, shaping the course of Western Christianity and society.