The major powers involved in the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) included France, led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, and a coalition of various European nations, notably Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. The wars were characterized by numerous battles and shifting alliances as Napoleon sought to expand French influence across Europe. The conflict arose from unresolved issues from the French Revolution and competing national interests. The culmination of these wars, highlighting military innovation and nationalistic fervor, further altered the geopolitical landscape. Ultimately, Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 marked the end of his rule and led to significant political reorganization in Europe.