The last ruling monarch of the French Bourbon dynasty was King Louis-Philippe I. He ruled from 1830 to 1848, following the July Revolution, which ousted Charles X, the last Bourbon king to reign directly. Louis-Philippe, known as the "Citizen King," sought to appeal to the bourgeoisie and promote stability within a constitutional monarchy. However, his reign faced growing opposition due to social inequalities and political repression. In 1848, widespread discontent led to his abdication and the establishment of the Second Republic, marking the end of the Bourbon's direct monarchy in France.