The influential mathematician who contributed to the foundation of calculus during the Enlightenment is Isaac Newton, along with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Newton's work, particularly in his *Principia Mathematica*, laid the groundwork for classical mechanics and gravitational theory. His development of calculus provided a powerful mathematical tool for understanding change and motion, revolutionizing scientific inquiry. The debates between Newton and Leibniz regarding the discovery and notation of calculus also illustrated the era’s intense intellectual competition, contributing to further advancements in mathematics and science.