The famous Russian leader known for implementing a series of reforms and industrialization is Tsar Alexander II. Reigning from 1855 to 1881, he is best known for the Emancipation Reform of 1861, which liberated millions of serfs and aimed to modernize Russia's economy and society. Alexander II also instituted military reforms, legal reforms, and promoted industrial growth, spurring the development of infrastructure such as railways and telegraphs. His policies sought to strengthen Russia against external threats and internal unrest but also stirred opposition among conservatives and revolutionary movements. His assassination in 1881 marked the end of his reformist agenda.