The famous Renaissance artist known for the painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling is Michelangelo Buonarroti. Commissioned by Pope Julius II, Michelangelo painted the ceiling between 1508 and 1512, creating a masterpiece that is celebrated for its artistic innovation and theological depth. The work features iconic scenes such as "The Creation of Adam" and "The Last Judgment." Michelangelo's mastery of fresco techniques, anatomical precision, and dramatic composition elevated the ceiling to one of the most revered artworks in Western history. His contributions to the Renaissance also include sculpting masterpieces like "David" and "Pietà," further solidifying his legacy.