The famous French artist and philosopher known for his work on the nature of government was Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His writings, particularly "The Social Contract," posited that legitimate political authority comes from the collective will of the people, advocating for the idea of popular sovereignty. Rousseau's philosophy significantly impacted Enlightenment thought and influenced democratic movements in the following centuries. He explored themes of individual freedom, the nature of society, and the importance of civic responsibility. Rousseau's ideas encouraged a reevaluation of governance and inspired revolutionary sentiments in both France and America, highlighting the relationship between individuals and the state.