Geoffrey Chaucer was the famous English writer who penned "The Canterbury Tales." Written in the late 14th century, this collection of stories is seen as one of the greatest works of English literature. It provides a vivid portrayal of medieval society through a diverse group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. Chaucer’s use of the English vernacular made literature more accessible, and the tales explore various themes, including love, morality, and social class, offering insights into human nature and the complexities of life during that time. His storytelling techniques and characterizations have influenced countless writers and continue to be studied today.