Charles Darwin was the famous British scientist known for his theory of evolution through natural selection. His groundbreaking work, "On the Origin of Species," published in 1859, challenged existing scientific and religious beliefs about the origin of species. Darwin's observations during his voyage on the HMS Beagle led him to propose that species evolve over time through a process of variation and competition for resources. His ideas provided a robust framework for understanding biodiversity and the interconnectedness of life on Earth. Darwin's theory had profound implications for science, society, and the way humans understand their place in nature.